All about the present perfect tense.

Hi guys today i'm going to talk you about the present perfect tense,my friend berny and I recorded an audio 2 months ago,talking about this topic unfortunately, blogger don't allow me to put audios so,here you have a video about present perfect i hope you like it.

when to use whom and when to use who.

The use of whom and who can be very dificult so,i was looking in the internet for an explanation and this one was the best i found.

Rule. Use this he/him method to decide whether who or whom is correct:

he = who
him = whom

Examples:
Who/Whom wrote the letter?
He wrote the letter. Therefore, who is correct.

Who/Whom should I vote for?
Should I vote for him? Therefore, whom is correct.

We all know who/whom pulled that prank.
This sentence contains two clauses: we all know and who/whom pulled that prank. We are interested in the second clause because it contains the who/whom. He pulled that prank. Therefore, who is correct.

We wondered who/whom the book was about.
This sentence contains two clauses: we wondered and who/whom the book was about. Again, we are interested in the second clause because it contains thewho/whom. The book was about him. Therefore, whom is correct.

Note: This rule is compromised by an odd infatuation people have with whom—and not for good reasons. At its worst, the use ofwhom becomes a form of one-upmanship some employ to appear sophisticated. The following is an example of the pseudo-sophisticated whom.

Incorrect: a woman whom I think is a genius

In this case whom is not the object of I think. Put I think at the end and witness the folly: a woman whom is a genius, I think.

Correct: a woman who I think is a genius

Learn to spot and avoid this too-common pitfall.

Rules for the use of commas.

Rule 1. Use commas to separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items.

Rule 2. Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the adjectives are interchangeable.

Example: He is a strong, healthy man.
We could also say healthy, strong man.

Rule 3. Use a comma after certain words that introduce a sentence, such as well, yes, why, hello, hey, etc.

Examples:
Why, I can't believe this!
No, you can't have a dollar

Rule 4. Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt the sentence flow (nevertheless, after all, by the way, on the other hand, however, etc.).

Example: I am, by the way, very nervous about this.

Rule 5. Use commas to set off the name, nickname, term of endearment, or title of a person directly addressed.

Examples:
Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me?
Yes, old friend, I will.
Good day, Captain.

So,here you have it guys 5 simple rules for the use of commas.

Basic grammar rules and parts of speech.

Basic Parts of Speech

Once you have a general idea of the basic grammar rules for sentence structures, it is also helpful to learn about the parts of speech:

• A noun names a person, animal, place, thing, quality, idea, activity, or feeling.  A noun can be singular, plural, or show possession.
• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, like: “I”, “you”, or “they.” 

• A verb shows action and can be a main verb or a helping verb, like: “were” or “has.”  Verbs also indicate tense and sometimes change their form to show past, present, or future tense. Linking verbs link the subject to the rest of the sentence and examples are: “appear” and “seem.”  

• An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. It adds meaning by telling how much, which one, what kind, or describing it in other ways.
• An adverb will modify a verb and tell more about it, like how much, when, where, why, or how.
• A preposition shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns. It is often used with a noun to show location, like: “beside”, “in”, or “on”. It can also show time, direction, motion, manner, reason, or possession. 
• Conjunctions connect two words, phrases, or clauses, and common ones are: “and”, “but”, and “or.”.try this practice guys.

Reported questions are not complicated.

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence.

Wait what?

Confusing? Sorry, maybe this example will help:
Try to complete this practice when you finish reading the examples.

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/questions.htm

Direct Question	Reported Question
“Where is the Post Office, please?”	She asked me where the Post Office was.
“What are you doing?”	She asked me what I was doing.
“Who was that fantastic man?”	She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

Reported speech and how it works.

When do we use reported speech?

Sometimes someone says a sentence and maybe you want to tell someone else what the first person said,in that moment we use reported speech.

Here is how it works:

We use a reporting verb like "say" or "tell".

If this verb is in present tense we just put "she says" and then the rest of the sentence in that case.

But,if the reporting verb is in the  past tense,then we usualy change the tenses in the reported speech.

I bought a car-Direct speech.

She said she had bought a car-Reported speech.

I found some practice for you guys,read carefuly and pay atention to the tenses.

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/backshift.htm

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense).